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從1845年7月4日到1847年9月6日，梭羅獨自生活在瓦爾登湖邊，差不多正好兩年零兩個月。瓦爾登湖不僅為梭羅提供了一個棲身之所，也為他提供了一種獨特的精神氛圍。
1846年2月，梭羅按計劃前去康科德城講課。梭羅準備了一個“我自己的歷史”（The History of Myself）的課題。沒想到講座受到觀眾的熱烈歡迎。在這次講座的啟發下，梭羅將自己的講課提綱加以整理，又經過了很長一段時間的寫作，終于完成了Walden，or Life in Woods（《瓦爾登湖，又名林中生活散記》）這部傳世的名著?！锻郀柕呛烦霭嬗?854年，這是19世紀美國文學非小說著作中*受讀者歡迎的書籍。目前，此書已出現了兩百多個版本，并被譯成許多種文字。
《瓦爾登湖(英文版)》是公認的*受讀者歡迎的非虛構作品。1845年，時年28歲的梭羅在環境優美的瓦爾登湖叢林中度過了兩年簡樸的隱居生活，思索人生、人與自然的關系，以及現代人在都市生活中所遇到的困窘。這段隱居生活的結果便是這部簡單而馥郁、孤獨而芬芳的散文集《瓦爾登湖》。此時正值愛默生所倡導的超驗主義運動高漲，一時涌現出麥爾維爾、霍桑為代表的一批優秀作家，以學徒、助手身份住在愛默生家里的梭羅憑借這部薄薄的《瓦爾登湖》側身于這批大作家之林，而毫不遜色。
在美國文學中，在中國，這本書也一直有著穩定的讀者群，正如著名作家徐遲所言，當你在內心恬靜之時閱讀此書，你會覺得它“語語驚人，字字閃光，沁人心脾，動我衷腸”。
Not long since, a strolling Indian went to sell baskets at thehouse of a well-known lawyer in my neighborhood. "Do youwish to buy any baskets？" he asked. "No, we do not want any,"was the reply. "What！" exclaimed the Indian as he went out thegate, "do you mean to starve us？" Having seen his industriouswhite neighbors so well off that the lawyer had only to weavearguments, and, by some magic, wealth and standing followed,he had said to himself: I will go into business; I will weavebaskets; it is a thing which I can do. Thinking that when hehad made the baskets he would have done his part, and then itwould be the white man's to buy them. He had not discoveredthat it was necessary for him to make it worth the other's whileto buy them, or at least make him think that it was so, or tomake something else which it would be worth his while to buy.I too had woven a kind of basket of a delicate texture, but I hadnot made it worth any one's while to buy them. Yet not theless, in my case, did I think it worth my while to weave them,and instead of studying how to make it worth men's while tobuy my baskets, I studied rather how to avoid the necessity ofselling them. The life which men praise and regard as successfulis but one kind. Why should we exaggerate any one kind at theexpense of the others？
